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Type: Observations
The leaked Treasury spending figures released by the Conservatives on Wednesday highlighted the extent to which spending on public services is set to be cut over coming years. Under current plans the Government would rely much more on spending cuts than tax increases to reduce public sector borrowing over the next parliament. Real total public spending is forecast to fall very slightly over the three years starting in April 2011. Spending on public services is set to fall more quickly with investment spending - that is spending on buildings and equipment - bearing the brunt. Investment spending is set to halve in cash terms over three years, as discussed in a previous IFS observation. Alistair Darling has pointed out that current spending - that is public spending excluding investment spending - is set to continue growing in real terms by an average of 0.7% a year. But the outlook for current spending on public services is not as rosy as this suggests. The Figure below shows that once the Treasury's forecast for growth in current Annually Managed Expenditure (AME) - that is spending on items such as debt interest payments and welfare benefits - of 3.6% a year is taken into account, current spending by central Government on public services - known as current Departmental Expenditure Limits (DELs) - is to be cut in real terms by 1.9% a year. Once you add to this the large real terms to public sector investment spending, the outlook for departments is that total real terms DELs are set to be cut by 2.9% a year on average. Over three years this implies a cut in spending in 2013-14 of 8.6% compared to spending in 2010-11.
Whoever is in Government after the next election will have to decide how big the spending cuts should be and how the pain should be shared out. George Osborne has said that he would not cut spending on the NHS and that he would continue Labour's policy of large increases in overseas aid spending. This would, under the Treasury's spending plans, leave other areas of spending facing a cut of at least 13.9% by 2013-14. On Tuesday Vince Cable said that investment spending should not bear the brunt of the cuts and that no area should be spared from the pain. If you disagree with the Treasury over how much of the reduction in borrowing should come from cuts in spending as opposed to increases in tax, or if you disagree with Mr Osborne or Mr Cable about how the pain should be shared out, you can carry out your own "Spending Review 2010" using a new tool, DIY Spending Review, that can be downloaded as an Excel spreadsheet. This enables you to set your own spending envelope and decide how the cake is shared out. A health warning for NHS managers though: Secretary of State for Health Andy Burnham said yesterday that he doesn't want you carrying out your own "mini spending reviews".
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Recent Observations
Cutting the deficit: three years down, five to go?
The UK is in the fourth year of a planned eight-year fiscal tightening. Following further announcements made in Budget 2013, this fiscal consolidation is now forecast to total £143 billion by 2017–18. The UK is intending the fourth largest fiscal consolidation among the 29 advanced economies for which comparable data are available. By the end of this financial year, half of the total consolidation is expected to have been implemented. However, within this tax increases and cuts to investment spending have been relatively front-loaded, while cuts to welfare spending and other non-investment spending have been relatively back-loaded.
Deficit unchanged
The March Budget forecast that borrowing would fall by £0.1 billion from £121.0 billion in 2011–12 to £120.9 billion in 2012–13. On Tuesday, the Office for National Statistics is due to release its first estimate of public sector net borrowing in March 2013 and, therefore, for the whole of 2012–13. Borrowing could easily end up being higher or lower than it was in the previous year, either due to backwards revisions, the uncertainty inherent in forecasting borrowing even a month in advance, or both. However, whether borrowing is slightly up or down in cash terms is economically irrelevant. Either way, the bigger picture is that having fallen by roughly a quarter between 2009–10 and 2011–12, borrowing is forecast to be broadly constant through to 2013–14.
Women working in their sixties: why have employment rates been rising?
Employment rates through the recession have been remarkably robust, with today’s ONS figures showing employment remaining close to 30 million. The young have experienced historically low employment rates and high unemployment rates but the employment rate of women aged 60 to 64 has increased as fast since 2010 as it did during the 2000s. An important explanation is the gradual increase in the state pension age for women since 2010, which has led to more older women being in paid work. Without this policy change, the employment rate for 60 to 64 year women would have been broadly flat since 2010.
Public spending analysis stokes public debate and prompts increased transparency over government’s plans for spending cuts.
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