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Type: Observations Authors: Robert Chote
Despite official figures showing that the public finances are weakening more sharply than the Treasury predicted in November's Pre-Budget Report (which we analyse here), Gordon Brown has been handed some useful ammunition if he wants to argue for a further short-term fiscal giveaway in April's Budget. In a paper prepared for a meeting of finance ministry officials from the G20, leading industrial and emerging market economies earlier this month, the International Monetary Fund points out that most of these countries are planning to extend their fiscal stimulus packages for longer than the UK. We are unusual in not having announced tax and public spending measures to add to spending power in the economy in 2010. The IMF estimates that the temporary VAT cut and the rest of the PBR stimulus package will increase growth by up to 1% in 2009. But these measures will then come to an end and so have no impact on national income in 2010. In contrast, the US and Germany are planning an additional fiscal stimulus in 2010, on top of the ones they are planning for this year. Specifically, the IMF estimates that the fiscal stimulus in the US will increase growth by up to 1.2% in 2010, following a boost of up to 1.4% in 2009. And it expects the German stimulus to increase growth by up to 0.9% in 2010, on top of a 1.2% boost in 2009. Mr Brown may well argue that this shows that the UK should put in place a further fiscal giveaway to take effect next year, because the recession looks likely to be longer than the Treasury expected last year.
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Recent Observations
Cutting the deficit: three years down, five to go?
The UK is in the fourth year of a planned eight-year fiscal tightening. Following further announcements made in Budget 2013, this fiscal consolidation is now forecast to total £143 billion by 2017–18. The UK is intending the fourth largest fiscal consolidation among the 29 advanced economies for which comparable data are available. By the end of this financial year, half of the total consolidation is expected to have been implemented. However, within this tax increases and cuts to investment spending have been relatively front-loaded, while cuts to welfare spending and other non-investment spending have been relatively back-loaded.
Deficit unchanged
The March Budget forecast that borrowing would fall by £0.1 billion from £121.0 billion in 2011–12 to £120.9 billion in 2012–13. On Tuesday, the Office for National Statistics is due to release its first estimate of public sector net borrowing in March 2013 and, therefore, for the whole of 2012–13. Borrowing could easily end up being higher or lower than it was in the previous year, either due to backwards revisions, the uncertainty inherent in forecasting borrowing even a month in advance, or both. However, whether borrowing is slightly up or down in cash terms is economically irrelevant. Either way, the bigger picture is that having fallen by roughly a quarter between 2009–10 and 2011–12, borrowing is forecast to be broadly constant through to 2013–14.
Women working in their sixties: why have employment rates been rising?
Employment rates through the recession have been remarkably robust, with today’s ONS figures showing employment remaining close to 30 million. The young have experienced historically low employment rates and high unemployment rates but the employment rate of women aged 60 to 64 has increased as fast since 2010 as it did during the 2000s. An important explanation is the gradual increase in the state pension age for women since 2010, which has led to more older women being in paid work. Without this policy change, the employment rate for 60 to 64 year women would have been broadly flat since 2010.
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